Schefferville is a town in the Canadian province of Quebec. Schefferville is in the heart of the Innu territory in northern Quebec, less than 2 km from the border with Labrador on the north shore of Knob Lake. At the 2006 census it had a population of 202 inhabitants, a decline of almost 16 percent from the 2001 census total of 240. The town has an incorporated area of 25.11 km² (9.69 sq mi). It is located within the Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality.
Schefferville, which constitutes the northern terminus of Tshiuetin Rail Transportation (formerly operated by the Quebec North Shore & Labrador (QNS&L) Railway), was established as a town in 1954 to support the mining of the extremely rich iron ore deposits in the area. The original settlement was called "Burnt Creek" and was located some miles to the north of the current location of the town of Schefferville.
When the plans were drawn up for the town, it was originally called Knob Lake after a prominent iron ore outcropping visible on a prominent hill south of the town site.
For some years NORAD operated a radar station in Schefferville as part of the "MEW" (Middle Early Warning) line, part of North America's defences against possible Soviet attack across the arctic.
The name Schefferville was adopted in honour of (Roman Catholic) Bishop Lionel Scheffer, O.M.I., who served as the Vicar Apostolic of Labrador from March 14, 1946 until his death on October 3, 1966.
Schefferville was established by the Iron Ore Company Of Canada, which currently conducts iron mining operations in the town of Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, 250 km to the south. Iron ore mining at Schefferville ceased in 1980, on orders from the then president of the Iron Ore Company of Canada, Brian Mulroney, who later became Prime Minister of Canada. Most of the 4,000 or so non-aboriginal occupants left, leaving mostly aboriginal people who settled there in the preceding 30 years. Some houses and public facilities have been demolished, but some new homes have been built. Mc Gill University continues to operate the McGill Subarctic Research Station in Schefferville.
The Naskapi first nation people mostly live in the village of Kawawachikamach, Quebec nearby. They are mostly Anglican and Protestant and speak English as their second language. The other first nation tribe, residing mainly in the town of Schefferville and the village of Matimekosh, are the Montagnais, who are largely Roman Catholic and speak French as their second language. Nearly all residents of the area are quadrilingual to a certain extent; alternating between Naskapi, Montagnais, English and French.
The controversial mid-20th century Quebec premier, Maurice Duplessis, died in Schefferville on September 7, 1959. His government was defeated the following year while being led by his second of two successors, the first having died in January 1960.

Eparchy is an anglicized Greek word, authentically latinized as eparchia and loosely translating as 'rule over something', but has the following specific meanings, both in political history and in the hierarchy of eastern churches.

Secular jurisdictions

Tetrarchy model
In the linguistically often illogical, mixed Greco-Latin jargon of Byzantine administration, eparchy (or its re-latinization eparchia!) is mainly used as the 'literal' Greek version of the Latin praefectura 'prefecture', i.e. the office, term or resort (rather Latin provincia in the widest sense, not necessarily territorial) of any Praefectus,

Byzantium
The Roman title of Eparch, as governor of a province of Roman Greece, was also used as equivalent to, or represented that of the Roman praefectus. The area of his administration -prefecture- was called an eparchy. The term was revived as one of the administrative sub-provincial units of post-Ottoman independent Greece, the country being divided into nomarchies, subdivided into eparchies, again sub-divided into demarchies.

Russia and USSR
The Christian Church (before the split into Roman Catholic and Byzantine Orthodox) adopted the temporal administrative division since the Tetrarchy in the Dominate, and part of its terminology, as convenient for internal use, but adapted it as follows.
Under these patriarchates and exarchates came the eparchies under metropolitans; these had authority over the bishops of various cities. The original ecclesiastical eparchies then were provinces, each under a metropolitan. The First Council of Nicaea in 325 accepts this arrangement and orders that: "the authority [of appointing bishops] shall belong to the metropolitan in each eparchy" (can. iv), i.e. in each such civil eparchy there shall be a metropolitan bishop who has authority over the others. This is the origin of ecclesiastical provinces.
Later in Eastern Christendom, after a process of title-inflation, multiplying the numbers of dioceses, metropolities and (arch)bishops and reducing their territorial size, the use of the word was gradually modified and now it means generally the diocese of a simple bishop.
Thus in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and Eastern-rite Catholicism, an eparchy is the jurisdiction of a bishop, corresponding to what in the West is called a diocese.
The name Eparchy was, however, not commonly used except in Russia, as the usual term for a diocese. The Russian Church in the early 20th century counts eighty-six eparchies, of which three (Kiev, Moscow, and St. Petersburg) are ruled by bishops who always bear the title "Metropolitan", and fourteen others under archbishops.

The Praetorian prefectures of Gaul, Italy (i.e. the whole western empire, largely in economic decline), and Illyricum made up the Roman Patriarchate, under the Pope
the Prefecture of the East was divided (in the fourth century) between the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch and three deputies styled Exarchs.

• the Diocese of Egypt was the Patriarchate of Alexandria
  the Diocese of the East (not to be confused with the Prefecture of the East) became that of Antioch.
  the Diocese of Asia was under the Exarch of Ephesus
  the Diocese of Pontus under Cappadocia, and Thrace under Heraclea.

Hampshire, sometimes historically Southamptonshire or Hamptonshire, (abbr. Hants) is a county on the south coast of England. The county borders (clockwise from West), Dorset, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Surrey and West Sussex. The county has an area of 1,455 square miles (3,769 km²) and at its widest points is approximately 55 miles (90 km) east-west and 40 miles (65 km) north-south. The county town is Winchester situated at 51°03′35″N, 1°18′36″W. The 2001 census gave the population of the administrative county as 1.24 million; the ceremonial county also includes the cities of Portsmouth and Southampton, which are administratively independent, and has a total population of 1.6 million. Christchurch and Bournemouth, within the historic borders of the county, were made part of the non-metropolitan county of Dorset in 1974.
Hampshire is a popular holiday area, with tourist attractions including its many seaside resorts, the maritime area in Portsmouth, and the motor museum at Beaulieu. The New Forest National Park lies within the borders, as does a large area of the South Downs, which is also scheduled to become a National Park. Hampshire has a long maritime history and two of England's largest ports lie on its coast. The county is famed as home of the writers Jane Austen and Charles Dickens.

James Arbuthnot (C)
John Denham (L)
Sandra Gidley (LD)
Mike Hancock (LD)
Mark Hoban (C)
Gerald Howarth (C)
Chris Huhne (LD)
Julian Lewis (C)
Michael Mates (C)
Sarah McCarthy-Fry (L)/(Co-op)
Maria Miller (C)
Mark Oaten (LD)
Desmond Swayne (C)
Peter Viggers (C)
Alan Whitehead (L)
David Willetts (C)
George Young (C)
Gosport
Fareham
Winchester
Havant
East Hampshire
Hart
Rushmoor
Basingstoke and Deane
Test Valley
Eastleigh
New Forest
Southampton (Unitary)
Portsmouth (Unitary) Physical geography

Main article: History of Hampshire History
Hampshire is a relatively affluent county, with a Gross domestic product (GDP) of £22.9 billion (£16.3 billion when excluding Southampton and Portsmouth). This makes it the sixth largest economy in England, and is equal in size to the economy of Northern Ireland, making up 2% each of the economy of the UK as a whole.
The cities of Southampton and Portsmouth are both significant ports, with Southampton handling a large proportion of the national container freight and Portsmouth housing a large Royal Navy base. The docks have traditionally been large employers in these cities, though again mechanisation has forced diversification of the economy.

Economy
At the Census 2001 the ceremonial county recorded a population of 1,644,249, of which 1,240,103 were in the administrative county, 217,445 were in the unitary authority of Southampton, and 186,701 were in Portsmouth. The population of the administrative county grew 5.6% from the 1991 census, Southampton grew 6.2% while Portsmouth remained unchanged, compared with 2.6% for England and Wales as a whole. Eastleigh and Winchester grew fastest at 9% each. The age structure of the population is similar to the national average.
96.73% of residents were indigenous, falling to 92.37% in Southampton. The significant ethnic minorities are Asian at 1.34% and mixed race at 0.84%. 0.75% of residents were migrants from outside the UK. 73.86% stated their religion as Christianity and 16.86% were not religious. Significant minority religions were Islam (0.76%) and Hinduism (0.33%).

Demographics
Hampshire is divided into eighteen parliamentary constituencies. Ten of these are represented by Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs), four by the Liberal Democrats and three by Labour. Labour represent the large cities, including both Southampton constituencies (Test and Itchen) and Portsmouth North. The Conservatives represent the most rural constituencies, New Forest West, New Forest East, Hampshire North West, Hampshire North East, Hampshire East and the constituencies of Aldershot, Basingstoke, Havant, Gosport and Fareham, which are centred on towns. The Liberal Democrats represent Winchester, Portsmouth South and Eastleigh, all centred around towns, and the largely rural constituency of Romsey. There is a new parliamentary constituency to be contested at the next general election as part of the new boundary changes. The Meon Valley constituency is notionally a Conservative seat.
The Isle of Wight returns its own Member to the House of Commons and, in this way, it is often said

Politics
Hampshire's county town is Winchester, a historic city that was once the capital of the ancient kingdom of Wessex and of England. The port cities of Southampton and Portsmouth were split off as independent unitary authorities in 1997, although they are still included in Hampshire for ceremonial purposes. Fareham, Gosport and Havant have grown into a conurbation that stretches along the coast between the two main cities. The three cities are all university cities, Southampton being home to the University of Southampton and Southampton Solent University (formerly Southampton Institute), Portsmouth to the University of Portsmouth, and Winchester to the University of Winchester (formerly known as University College Winchester; King Alfred's College).
Hampshire lies outside the green belt area of restricted development around London, but has good railway and motorway links to the capital, and in common with the rest of the south-east has seen the growth of dormitory towns since the 1960s. Basingstoke, in the north of the county, has grown from a country town into a business and finance centre. Aldershot, Portsmouth, and Farnborough have strong military associations with the Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force respectively. The county also includes several market towns: Alton, Andover, Bishop's Waltham, Lymington, Petersfield, Ringwood, Romsey, and Whitchurch.
Towns by population size: (2004 est.)
For the complete list of settlements see List of places in Hampshire.

Southampton - 221,100
Portsmouth - 188,700
Basingstoke - 152,573
Eastleigh - 116,177
Havant - 115,300
Fareham - 109,619
Andover - 52,000
Winchester - 35,200 Cities, towns, and villages
Due to Hampshire's long association with pigs and boars, natives of the county have been known as Hampshire hogs since the 18th century. Hampshire has literary connections, being the birthplace of authors including Jane Austen and Charles Dickens, and the residence of others, such as Charles Kingsley. Austen lived most of her life in Hampshire, where her father was rector of Steventon, and wrote all of her novels in the county. Hampshire also has many visual art connections, claiming the painter John Everett Millais as a native, and the cities and countryside have been the subject of paintings by L. S. Lowry and J. M. W. Turner. Hampshire is also the birthplace of explorer Lawrence Oates, and entertainers Peter Sellers, Benny Hill and Craig David.
Hampshire's relatively safe waters have allowed the county to develop as one of the busiest sailing areas in the country, with many yacht clubs and several manufacturers on the Solent. The sport cricket was largely developed in south-east England, with one of the first teams forming at Hambledon in 1750. Hampshire County Cricket Club today is a successful first-class team, captained by Shane Warne. Hampshire has several association football teams, the most successful being Premier League side Portsmouth F.C. and Championship side Southampton F.C., which have traditionally been fierce rivals. Aldershot F.C. also played in the Football League until the club's closure in 1992. Thruxton Circuit is Hampshire's premier motor racing course with the National Motor Museum being located in the New Forest adjacent to Beaulieu Palace House. The Farnborough Air Show is a popular international event, held biennially.

Culture, arts and sport
Southampton Airport, with an accompanying main line railway station, is an international airport situated in the Borough of Eastleigh, close to Swaythling in the city of Southampton. Cross-channel and cross-Solent ferries link the county to the Isle of Wight and European continent. The South Western Main Line railway from London to Weymouth runs through Winchester and Southampton, and the Wessex Main Line from Bristol to Portsmouth also runs through the county.
The M3 motorway connects the county to London. The construction of the Twyford Down cutting near Winchester caused major controversy by cutting through a series of ancient trackways (the Dongas) and other features of archaeological significance. The M27 motorway serves a bypass for the major conurbations and as a link to other settlements on the south coast. Other important roads include the A3, A31 and A36.The roads in the county are known for their heavy traffic,especially around Southampton and Portsmouth and the M27 and A27.
The county has a high level of car ownership, with only 15.7% having no access to a private car compared to 26.8% for England and Wales. The county has a lower than average use of trains (3.2% compared to 4.1% for commuting) and buses (3.2% to 7.4%) but a higher than average use of bicycles (3.5% to 2.7%) and cars (63.5% to 55.3%).

The History of Aberdeen, Scotland is long and distinguished with a human presence in the area since the Stone Age. Aberdeen as a city, grew up as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the River Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement where the Denburn entered the Dee estuary.

1136 to the 18th Century
In the 18th Century a new Town Hall was built, elegantly furnished with a marble fireplace from Holland and a set of fine crystal chandeliers and sconces. The latter are still a feature in the Town House. This century also saw the beginnings of social services for the Infirmary at Woolmanhill which was opened in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779.
In the late 18th century, the council embarked on a scheme of road improvements, and by 1805 George Street, King Street and Union Street were open, the latter a feat of extraordinary engineering skill involving the partial levelling of St Catherine's Hill and the building of arches to carry the street over Putachieside. The Denburn Valley was crossed by Union Street with a single span arch of 130 ft (40 m). Along these new streets was built the nucleus of the Granite City, many of whose buildings were designed by John Smith and Archibald Simpson.
The 19th Century was a time of considerable expansion. The increasing economic importance of Aberdeen and the development of the shipbuilding and fishing industries brought a need for improved harbour facilities. During this century much of the harbour as it exists today was built including Victoria Dock, the South Breakwater and the extension to the North Pier. Such an expensive building programme had repercussions, and in 1817 the city was in a state of bankruptcy. However, a recovery was made in the general prosperity which followed the Napoleonic wars. Improvements in street lighting came in 1824 with the advent of gas, and a vast improvement was made to the water supply in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewerage system was begun in 1865 to replace the open sewers which previously ran along certain of the streets.
The city was first incorporated in 1891. By 1901 the population was 153,000 and the city covered more than 6,000 acres (24 km²).
Today, although Old Aberdeen still has a separate charter and history, it and New Aberdeen are no longer truly distinct. The area of the city now includes the former burghs of Old Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of River Dee.

Nicolas Poussin (15 June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a French painter in the Classical style. His work predominantly features clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color. Until the 20th century he remained the dominant inspiration for such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David and Paul Cézanne.
He spent most of his working life in Rome except for a short period when Cardinal Richelieu ordered him back to France as First Painter to the King.

Early years in Rome
Louis XIII conferred on him the title of First Painter in Ordinary. In two years at Paris he produced several pictures for the royal chapels (the Last Supper, painted for Versailles, now in the Louvre), eight cartoons for the Gobelins tapestry manufactory, the series of the Labors of Hercules for the Louvre, the Triumph of Truth for Cardinal Richelieu (Louvre), and much minor work.
In 1643, disgusted by the intrigues of Simon Vouet, Fouquières and the architect Jacques Lemercier, Poussin withdrew to Rome. There, in 1648, he finished for De Chanteloup the second series of the Seven Sacraments (Bridgewater Gallery), and also his noble landscape with Diogenes throwing away his Scoop (Louvre). In 1649 he painted the Vision of St Paul (Louvre) for the comic poet Paul Scarron, and in 1651 the Holy Family (Louvre) for the duc de Créquy. Year by year he continued to produce an enormous variety of works, many of which are included in the list given by Félibien.
He died in Rome on November 19, 1665 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina, his wife having predeceased him. Chateaubriand in 1820 donated the monument to Poussin.
Poussin left no children, but he adopted as his son Gaspar Dughet (Gasparo Duche), his wife's brother, who took the name of Poussin.

Poussin in France
The finest collection of Poussin's paintings as well as of his drawings is at the Louvre; in the UK, besides the pictures in the National Gallery and at Dulwich, England possesses several of his most considerable works: The Triumph of Pan is at Basildon House, near to Pangbourne, (Berkshire), and his great allegorical painting of the Arts at Knowsley. At Rome, in the Colonna and Valentini Palaces, are notable works by him, and one of the private apartments of Prince Doria is decorated by a great series of landscapes in distemper.
Throughout his life he stood aloof from the popular movement of his native school. French art in his day was purely decorative, but in Poussin we find a survival of the impulses of the Renaissance coupled with conscious reference to classic work as the standard of excellence. In general we see his paintings at a great disadvantage: for the color, even of the best preserved, has changed in parts, so that the harmony is disturbed; and the noble construction of his designs can be better seen in engravings than in the original. Among the many who have reproduced his works, Audran, Claudine Stella, Picart and Pesne are the most successful.
Poussin was a prolific artist. Among his many works are:
1) Baptism (image)
2) Ordination (image)
3) Confirmation (image)
4) Penance (image)
5) Eucharist (image)
6) Marriage (image)
7) Extreme Unction (image)

Some of the paintings by Poussin at the Louvre, Paris:

• The Plague at Ashdod
  The Judgment of Solomon (1649)
  The Blind Men of Jericho (1650)
  The Adulteress (1653)
  Arcadian Shepherd
  A few of Poussin's other paintings:
  
  
  
  • Adoration of the Golden Calf (National Gallery, London);
    Holy Family on the Steps (National Gallery, Washington, D.C.);
    Cacus (St. Petersburg);
    The Testament of Eudamidas (Copenhagen);
    "The Rape of the Sabine Women"(1636)
    The Destruction of Jerusalem (1637);
    Hebrews Gathering Manna (1639);
    Moses Rescued from the Waters (1647);
    Eliezer and Rebecca (1648);
    Landscape with Polyphemus (1649);
    Seven Sacraments (Double series - The first series was commissioned by Cassiano del Pozzo in the second half of the 1630s and was sold to the Dukes of Rutland in 1784. One of the seven, "Penance", was destroyed in a fire at the Rutland's Belvoir Castle in 1816, and "Baptism" was acquired by the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC in 1939. The remaining 5 were still at Belvoir Castle at the time when Anthony Blunt wrote his catalogue in 1966. The second series was painted for Paul Freart de Chantelou from 1644-1648 and was acquired by the Dukes of Bridgewater in 1798. The paintings passed by descent to the Earls of Ellesmere, the last of whom became the Duke of Sutherland in 1964. At least part of the series (if not all?) is currently on loan at the National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh. (Source: Anthony Blunt, "The Paintings of Nicholas Poussin." Phaidon Press, London: 1966.)
    A Dance to the Music of Time (1639-40), (Wallace Collection, London) Works
    Poussin has had a profound influence on French and on world art as a self-reflexive "artist's artist".
    Initially, Poussin's genius was recognized only by small circles of collectors. It appears from the record that he failed to please Louis XIV, being, it appears, unfit for Court intrigue. At the same time, after his death, it was recognized that he had contributed a new theme of "classical severity" to French art.
    Benjamin West, an American painter of the 18th century who worked in Britain, based his canvas of the death of General Wolfe at Quebec on Poussin's example. As a result, the image is one in which each character (including a rather fanciful Native American) knows how to gaze with appropriate seriousness on Wolfe's famous death after securing British domination of North America. Subsequently many military painters of the 19th century followed Poussin's compositional examples in order to make sure the strategic situation, or role of the favored individual, was highlighted properly in an era when people learned facts from paintings.
    Jacques-Louis David resurrected a style already known as "Poussinesque" during the French revolution in part because the leaders of the Revolution, following in part the American example, looked to replace the frivolity and oppression of the court with Republican severity and civic-mindedness, most obvious in David's dramatic canvas of Brutus receiving the bodies of his sons, sacrificed to his own principles, and the famous death of Marat.
    Throughout the 19th century, Poussin, available to the ordinary person's gaze because the Revolution had opened the collections of the Louvre, was inspirational for thoughtful and self-reflexive artists who pondered their own work methods, notably Cézanne. The less thoughtful enjoyed the eroticism of some Poussin's classicizing subjects (illustration, left).
    Ironically, as official French art became standardized with the establishment, under the returned monarchy, the monarchy of the "Citizen King" and the Second Empire, of institutions for the support and normalization of French art, the leading and most successful Salon artists, at one and the same time, apotheosized Poussin while departing from his spirit. Ingres' paintings, while in a superficial polish emulating "Poussin" are far more in the late-Romantic and Orientalizing spirit, combining significant distortion with a photographic sheen that would have puzzled Poussin.
    Bouguereau's nudes and classical-genre paintings give likewise a superficial homage to "Poussin" as a club with which to keep down the canaille but their photographic sheen, again, has nothing to do with the painterly struggles which are evident in Poussins in galleries (which even the best reproductions do not show).
    The post-Impressionists were in fact more deeply influence by Poussin.
    Cézanne's artistic career, in fact, somewhat tracked that of Poussin who in early life experimented (with a signal lack of success) in dramatic colors and diagonal compositions. Poussin was stumbling after Caravaggio while Cézanne was haunted by the demon of a powerful sexuality later sublimated; but both discovered the "clarity, order, and rigor" which personalities such as theirs have to adopt as a second nature.
    In late life Cézanne announced that he was recreating Poussin "after nature", which may seem strange, since Cézanne, unlike Poussin, painted directly on the canvas and without Poussin's 17th century mechanisms of predrawn "cartoons" pounced onto the canvas and underpainting in monochrome.
    What Cézanne meant, and what is evident in his late work, is a painterly pursuit of three-dimensional composition in space. This is evident when we compare Poussin to David, for David had the neo-Classical tendency to see the Poussinesque as a frieze; and yet the examination, for example, of the painting of the marriage of Orpheus and Euridyce in situ, in the Louvre, shows a complex three-dimensional drama.
    Just as Mont Ste-Victoire is so clearly, in the late Cézanne, situated beyond the railway cut and bay, the only person in Poussin's painting to actually notice Euridyce's distress is a fisherman, to whom the eye is led in the near background after it travels through a group of wedding guests, arranged not in a frieze but in three dimensions.
    In fact, the painting upon examination turns out to be about Orpheus' failure to "see" Euridyce, a failure echoed in the legend when Orpheus is forbidden to look upon Eurydice as he escorts her from Hades.
    In the twentieth century any number of art critics have suggested that the "analytic Cubist" experiments of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were founded upon Poussin's example.
    The most famous 20th-century scholar of Poussin was the Englishman Anthony Blunt, Keeper of the Queen's Pictures, who in 1979 was disgraced by revelations of his complicity with Soviet intelligence.
    Today, Poussin's paintings at the Louvre reside in a gallery dedicated to him.
    
    Historical reception of Poussin
    
    Baroque
    Western painting
    History of painting Notes
    
    This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
    Anthony Blunt, The Paintings of Nicolas Poussin: A Critical Catalogue (Phaidon) 1966.
    Walter Friedlaender, Nicolas Poussin: A New Approach (New York: Abrams) 1964.

Community councils (CCs) are the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales.
They are somewhat similar to parish councils in England. In Scotland, their only statutory role is to communicate local opinion to larger bodies of local and central government.
Members are chosen every four years. They are elected to represent the entire community council area. If there are no more candidates than seats, no election needs to be held. If there are less than half as many candidates as seats, the community council shall not function until there are enough candidates.

Community councils in Scotland
Further information: List of community council areas in Scotland
In Scotland community councils have fewer powers than their English or Welsh counterparts. There are around 1,200 CCs in Scotland, some of which represent groups of communities.
Community councils were introduced in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The duty was placed on the newly established district councils to prepare an establishment scheme to divide their district into community council areas. In 1996 this duty passed to the present area councils. All of Scotland has had community council areas delineated, the numbers and boundaries of which can be altered by the area council. However not all communities have community councils, which in Scotland are not statutory and only exist if volunteers are willing to run them. They are officially stated to be "non-party-political and non-sectarian" in their discussions and decision making. Community councils must adopt a constitution stating the name of the community council and dealing with such matters as the frequency of meetings, office bearers, method of election, finance and standing orders.
Membership of community councils consists of:
Co-opted and ex officio members have no votes on the councils and may not be office bearers.
Councils are only established in areas where there is public demand. The establishment scheme will set out the exact procedure for establishing a council where one does not exist: a stated number of local government electors in the designated area must petition the area council, who will then schedule elections. In the case of all community council elections, if nominations are received for less than fifty percent of the seats, the election is postponed and the council not formed or dissolved. Community councils can be dissolved at any time for lack of numbers of members, financial irregularity or failure to reach standards. This can be done either by the area council unilaterally, or by the community council itself by a two thirds majority at a special general meeting. Community councils can also choose to amalgamate themselves with an adjoining community by a similar process.
Like in England and Wales, the main role of the CCs is to act as a channel of the opinions of the local community, and have the right to be notified of and respond to any planning applications. They are also sometimes involved in local projects mostly related to local infrastructure such as footpaths, parks, playgrounds etc, and local events.
Community councillors may be included as non-voting members of area committees under the decentralisation schemes of area councils.
Unlike in England and Wales, Scottish CCs do not have the right to raise funds by setting a precept on local taxes, and are instead dependent upon local fundraising and voluntary work, or local authority funding, which is usually received for running costs only.
In much of Scotland CCs are often disregarded and are not usually viewed as a tier of government, even though they can legally have that role. Although in places such as Orkney and Shetland, CCs are viewed as an important part of local government, and receive larger budgets.
Scotland's network of parishes was abolished for administrative purposes in 1930, when larger district councils were formed. Unlike Wales, the new CCs created in 1975 were not necessarily based on old parish areas, which no longer fit any modern administrative areas. Several of them are based on former burghs, and have rematriculated the burgh coat of arms and use the title "provost" for their chairman.

Elected members: The area council's establishment scheme details the number of elected councillors, and the areas for which they shall be elected.
Co-opted members: The community council may co-opt additional members with particular skills or interests that will assist them in their work. These members may be co-opted for a specific period of time, or dismissed at the community council's pleasure. It is permitted for persons of between 14 and 18 years of age to be co-opted to represent the interests of "youth".
Ex officio members: The constitutions of many community councils provide that the area councillor for the ward containing the community council area, local MPs and MSPs shall be ex officio members.

University of California, Davis
The University of California, Davis, commonly known as UC Davis, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California, and was established as the University Farm in 1905. It was formally established as a general UC campus by the Regents of the University of California in 1959. UC Davis is a public, coeducational university located in the city of Davis, California, about fifteen miles west of Sacramento in the Sacramento Valley, part of California's Central Valley.
UC Davis has grown to become a prestigious public research university, especially in the arts, humanities, life sciences, health sciences, and engineering. UCD also has renowned graduate programs, such as the UC Davis School of Medicine, which includes the UC Davis Medical Center, and the UC Davis School of Law. In addition to research and academics, the UCD athletics program is also quite respectable; Aggie teams participate in Division I NCAA sports. UC Davis is also one of the three UC schools with a football team, playing in the Great West Football Conference.

History
The University of California, Davis campus is the largest campus in the UC system, spanning over 5,500 acres (22.2 square km) and adjacent to Interstate Highway 80. The Davis campus is the only school within the UC system with an airport, just west of main campus, and is one of two UC schools with its own fire department; the other being UCSC. It is also one of only two UC's, the other being UC Berkeley, with a nuclear lab. It is also one of a handful of universities that spans two counties: Yolo and Solano.
The UC Davis campus is considered world-renowned and has been praised for its architecture and picturesque scenery. UC Davis offers broad green lawns and bubbling fountains, sculpture gardens and fine museums, lush landscaping and an intriguing mix of architectural styles. There are huge amounts of well-kept and attractive open space on the UC Davis campus, from Hutchison, Dobbins, Russell, and Howard Fields to various soccer, rugby, lacrosse, and tennis fields. It is surrounded by the residential area of the city of Davis.
The UC Davis University Library, which includes the Peter J. Shields Library, the Physical Sciences & Engineering Library, the Carlson Health Sciences Library, and the Medical Center Library in Sacramento, contains more than 3 million volumes and offers a number of special collections and services for undergraduates and graduates. The Peter J. Shields Library is a vast building with three different architectural styles due to various construction and extensions being added; it is the main library where students study on-campus, with a 24-hour reading room, open computer labs, and unique furniture.
Towards the northeast end of campus is the Quad, a large rectangular field which sits adjacent to Freeborn Hall and the Memorial Union, which houses various establishments such as the UC Davis Bookstore, ASUCD Coffee House, food courts, Post Office, Sky Room, and the MU Games Area. The northeast side of campus holds more of the "core" buildings that were built earlier in UC Davis's history, such as Wellman Hall, Shields Library, Mrak Hall, and Hutchison Hall, as well as the North Entry Parking Structure.
The northwest end of campus holds the majority of the Segundo undergraduate housing complex and various alternative non-undergraduate housing such as Orchard Park, Russell Park, and The Colleges at LaRue Apartments. The Activities and Recreation Center, or the ARC, is also located near the Segundo complex. Off-campus to the northwest is the Cuarto undergraduate housing complex, which has two dining commons.
The Tercero undergraduate housing complex is located near the true geographic center of the UC Davis campus, to the north of the beautiful Aboretum Waterway, which stretches longitudinally through almost the entirety of the south end of campus. The Arboretum is a public garden with over 4,000 kinds of trees and plants that stretches for over 100 acres (.40 square km) and located near the Waterway.
The majority of Veterinary Medicine, Equestrian Center, and Animal Sciences buildings are located near the Arboretum Waterway, away from the core campus; the West Entry Parking Complex, the Silo Union, and the newly constructed Science Lecture Hall and the Science Laboratory Building are located nearer to the Tercero residence halls and the core of campus. The Mondavi Center is also located near the Tecero complex, a glitzy upscale home for the University Symphony Orchestra and other cultural events.
There are five public art statues found around campus, collectively called The Egghead Series, sculpted by former art professor, Robert Arneson, who taught at Davis from 1962-1991 before his death in 1992. The "egghead" statues are considered by many to be among the most recognizable features of UC Davis's campus, and have even inspired a recent blog maintained by University staff.
"Bookhead" is located at the Shields Library plaza, "Yin & Yang" is located at the Fine Arts Complex, "See No Evil/Hear No Evil" is at the east lawn of King Hall, "Eye on Mrak (Fatal Laff)" is at the Mrak Hall mall, and "Stargazer" is located between North Hall and Young Hall. The "Yin & Yang" egg heads have been recast and duplicated for installment near the Port of San Francisco Ferry Building in San Francisco.

Campus
UC Davis academic spectrum is rich in the arts, humanities, life sciences, health sciences, and engineering. The university has a world-class medical center in downtown Sacramento. The university also has a Department of Viticulture and Enology (concerning the scientific study of grape-growing and winemaking) that has been and continues to be responsible for significant advancements in winemaking utilized by many Californian wineries. The campus is noted for its Agricultural and Resource Economics programs, and the large Department of Animal Science through which students can study at the university's own on-campus dairy, meat-processing plant, equestrian facility, and experimental farm. Students of Environmental Horticulture and other botanical sciences have many acres of campus farmland and the University of California, Davis, Arboretum at their disposal. The university also has world-class faculty in the arts and letters and a large and diverse College of Engineering. The Department of Applied Science was founded and formerly chaired by physicist Edward Teller. Studio arts, theatre, and dance are studied extensively on the campus, and the Mondavi Center for the Performing Arts features artists from all over the globe.
UC Davis has an excellent reputation in graduate studies and has several professional schools, including the school of veterinary medicine and the schools of law, medicine, and education.
The university is also host to the largest Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program in California, with more than 120 cadets. With more than sixty years in existence, it currently commissions roughly 30 to 40 graduating seniors as second lieutenants every year.

Academics
UC Davis is organized into the following schools and colleges:

UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
UC Davis College of Biological Sciences
UC Davis College of Engineering
UC Davis College of Letters and Science
UC Davis Graduate School of Management
UC Davis School of Education
UC Davis School of Law
UC Davis School of Medicine
UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Organization
According to the National Science Foundation, UC Davis spent $456,653,000 on research and development in the fiscal year 2002-2003, ranking it 14th in the nation. Specifically, UC Davis's expenditures nationally ranked first in agricultural research ($25,683,000), seventh in biological research ($45,283,000), and 13th in the life sciences ($336,796,000).
Its faculty includes 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 6 members of the National Academy of Engineering, 7 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2 Pulitzer Prize winners, 2 MacArthur Fellows and one member of the Royal Society.
The campus supports a number of research centers including: the Information Center for the Environment, the Advanced Highway Maintenance Construction Technology Research Laboratory, the University of California Pavement Research Center, among others. The campus maintains a web site that publishes information and supports discussion about its research activities.

Research
In terms of Graduate Studies rankings, in 2006 U.S. News & World Report placed UC Davis First Nationally in Ecology and Evolution.
In 2006, UC Davis was ranked 42nd in the world and 34th in the Americas by an annual listing of the Top 500 World Universities
UC Davis ranked 47th in the 2007 U.S. News & World Report annual college rankings.

Rankings
Admission to UC Davis is selective; for the 2007-2008 academic year, the freshmen acceptance rate was 58.7%, with admitted freshmen having a mean weighted GPA of 3.89 and an average SAT score of 1831.

Student life
The UC Davis Aggies (or Ags) compete in NCAA Division I-AA sports. They are members of the Great West Football Conference for football and the Big West Conference for other sports. The Aggies are also members of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in gymnastics and lacrosse, the Western Intercollegiate Rowing Association in rowing, and an associate member of the Pacific Ten Conference in wrestling.
The Aggies finished first in NCAA Division II six times in 2003 and won the NACDA Director's Cup 4 years in a row from 1999 to 2003. In 1998, the UC Davis men's basketball team won the NCAA Division II national championship despite being one of the few non-scholarship institutions in Division II at that time. These and other achievements motivated a decision (following a year of heavy discussion by campus administrators, faculty, staff, students, alumni and the local community) in 2003 for the athletics program to re-classify to Division I.).
The official school mascot is the mustang. Students at UC Davis are referred to as Aggies in honor of the school's agricultural heritage. Unlike most colleges, there is a distinction between the name for students and the mascot. There was a movement to change the school's mascot from the mustang to the cow, but despite student support this was turned down after opposition from alumni. Many people will call the mustang mascot of UC Davis an Aggie, but this is not its proper name; the mustang mascot is named Gunrock. The name dates to 1921 when the US Army brought a horse named Gun Rock to UC Davis to supply high-quality stock for cavalry horses. The mustang mascot was selected to honor that cavalry horse.

Athletics
Aggie Fight - The fight song. Composer: Larry Austin Lift up your voices, now's the time to sing. This is the day the Victory Bell will ring. Loyal Aggies, all for one, Never stopping 'till we've won. Because the Mustang will show our team the way to fight, Charging the enemy with all his might. Let's go. Let's win. Today's the day, The Aggies will fight! Fight! Fight! Sons of California - Every UC Band has this song, but this arrangement is only played at UC Berkeley and UC Davis. Composer: Clinton Morse Arrangement: Larry Austin We're sons of California, a loyal company. All shout for California as we strive for victory. All sing the joyful chorus, as her banner we unfold. Then "Hurrah!" for California, and for the Blue and Gold. Big "C" Composers: Harold P. Williams and N. Loyall McLaren Arrangement: William Denny We are Sons of California, fighting for the Gold and Blue. Palms of glory we will win for Alma Mater true. Sac State's men will soon be routed, by our dazzling C. We'll stomp 'em in the mud, their green will turn to blood, in our hour of victory! Hail to California - The UC Alma Mater. Composer: Clinton Morse Arrangement: Charles Cushing Hail to California, Alma Mater dear. Sing the joyful chorus, sound it far and near. Rally 'round her banner, we will never fail. California, Alma Mater, Hail! Hail! Hail!
School Songs
Picnic Day, UC Davis's annual Open House, is the largest student-run event in the United States. It attracts thousands of visitors each year with its many attractions. These include a parade, a magic show performed by the chemistry department, the Doxie Derby (dachshund races), film screenings, and a Battle of the Bands between the Band-uh! and other college bands including the Cal Band, the Stanford Band, and the Humboldt State Marching Band.
Another highlight of UC Davis is its student-run freeform radio station, KDVS. The station began operations on February 1, 1964 from the laundry room of the all-male dormitory Beckett Hall. The station soon gained a reputation by airing interviews with Angela Davis and a live call-in show with then California Governor Ronald Reagan in 1969. The station can now be heard on 90.3 FM and online at their website [3].
The undergraduate student government of UC Davis is the Associated Students of UC Davis (ASUCD), and has an annual operating budget of 9.7 million dollars, making it the highest funded student government in the United States. UC Davis also has some 400 registered student organizations.
The Letters and Science Graduate Students are represented by the Graduate Student Association (GSA).

Traditions and student activities
Social fraternities and sororities have been a part of the University of California at Davis since 1923. Approximately 8% of the university's undergraduate students are involved in the school's fraternities and sororities. One sorority, Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi, was featured during the first season of the MTV reality show "Sorority Life."
Fraternities and sororities provide a small group living experience that enhances the co-curricular life of every Greek student through academic, social, educational, leadership, and community service activities. There are both national and local fraternities and sororities at UCD with diverse backgrounds and histories.
Collegiate Pan-Hellenic sororities
National Interfraternity Conference fraternities
Multi-cultural fraternities and sororities
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
African American Greek Letter Council

Alpha Chi Omega AXΩ
Alpha Phi AΦ
Chi Omega XΩ
Delta Delta Delta ΔΔΔ
Delta Gamma ΔΓ
Kappa Alpha Theta KAΘ
Kappa Kappa Gamma KKΓ
Pi Beta Phi ΠBΦ
Alpha Epsilon Pi ΑΕΠ (AEPi)
Alpha Gamma Omega ΑΓΩ (AGO)
Chi Phi XΦ
Delta Chi ΔX
Delta Lambda Phi
Delta Sigma Phi ΔΣΦ
Delta Kappa Epsilon ΔKE
Lambda Chi Alpha ΛXA
Lambda Phi Epsilon ΛΦE
Pi Alpha Phi ΠΑΦ
Pi Kappa Alpha ΠΚΑ (Pike)
Phi Kappa Psi ΦKΨ
Sigma Alpha Epsilon ΣΑΕ (SAE)
Sigma Alpha Mu ΣΑΜ (Sammy)
Sigma Chi ΣX
Sigma Phi Epsilon ΣΦΕ (Sig Ep)
Tau Kappa Epsilon TKE
Theta Chi ΘX
Theta Xi ΘΞ
Epsilon Sigma Rho ΕΣΡ
Delta Xi Phi ΔΞΦ
Lambda Sigma Gamma ΛΣΓ
Sigma Alpha Zeta ΣΑΖ
Gamma Zeta Alpha ΓΖΑ
Lambda Theta Nu ΛΘΝ
Lambda Theta Phi ΛΘΦ
Nu Alpha Kappa NAK
Sigma Lambda Beta ΣΛB
Sigma Lambda Gamma ΣΛΓ
Kappa Alpha Psi KAΨ
Sigma Gamma Rho ΣΓP
Phi Beta Sigma ΦBΣ
Delta Sigma ThetaΔΣΘ
Alpha Kappa Alpha AKA Greek life
UC Davis is famous for its large number of bicycles and bicyclists. The city of Davis boasts the highest bikes per capita of any U.S. city. Bicyclists are ubiquitous around campus as well as the city, and thus a lot of bike-only infrastructure exists, such as bike circles, large bike lanes, and traffic signals exclusively for bikes. The police department also has some of its officers patrol on bicycles. Furthermore, the police take bicycling under the influence ("BUI") and bicycling without a headlight at night very seriously, both of which are punishable by a traffic ticket. All bikes on the UC Davis campus must be registered with a California Bicycle license.
UC Davis is also well known for its bus service, Unitrans, and their trademark London double decker buses. It has been in operation since 1968 and is believed to be the only general purpose (non-sightseeing) transit system in the U.S. to operate vintage double deck buses in daily service. The system is operated and managed entirely by students and offers fixed-route transportation throughout the city. There is also an inter-campus bus service that ferries back and forth between UC Davis and UC Berkeley twice daily, from Monday to Friday.
UC Davis is bounded by freeways on two sides (Highway 113 and Interstate 80). All other UC campuses are either somewhat distant from the closest freeway or are directly adjacent to only one freeway. Two freeway exits are entirely within UCD's boundaries. One, off Highway 113, is signed "UC Davis / Hutchison Drive" and the other, off Interstate 80, is signed exclusively as "UC Davis."
Easy freeway access, coupled with increasing housing costs in the city of Davis, have led to increased numbers of students commuting via automobile. Some students choose to live in the neighboring communities of Sacramento, Dixon or Woodland, and use their own cars or the county-wide Yolobus to get to UC Davis.

Transportation

List of UC Davis alumni
List of UC Davis faculty Notable people at UC Davis

Student media

UC Davis Clubs Search
California Aggie Marching Band-uh! - The marching band.
UC Davis Formula SAE